The deadliest of all the psychiatric disorders anorexia nervosa - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1442 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category Health Essay Level High school Topics: Anorexia Nervosa Essay Did you like this example? In the USA alone, 30 million people are suffering from an eating disorder right now. 70 million are suffering worldwide (Farrar, 2014). Eating disorders are becoming an epidemic, especially concerning women. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The deadliest of all the psychiatric disorders anorexia nervosa" essay for you Create order Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation (King, 2010, p.455). History of Origin Anorexia first appeared sometime in the 12th and 13th centuries. Saint Catherine of Siena denied herself food as part of a spiritual denial to self. In the 16th century, ascetics (those who denied themselves food for spiritual beliefs) were considered witches and burned at the stake. During the 17th the early 20th century, anorexia was considered an endocrine disorder and treated with pituitary hormones (Deans, 2011). Anorexia nervosa was first given its name in 1868, by William Withey Gull, a British physician at Guys Hospital, London. The disease was first documented in 1873, by Charles Lasgue, when he wrote Lanorexie Hysterique. He said that the disorder typically began between the ages of 15 to 20 and had three distinct stages During the Victorian Era, the disorder was thought to be a form of hysteria that affected mainly women of the middle and upper classes. Obesity during this era was thought to be a characteristic of poverty the ideal womans body type during the Victorian era was one that was curvy and full- figured. Many women attempted to achieve this body type through the use of corsets. The role of restrictive corsets exemplifies how women began taking extreme measures to achieve the believed ideal body type. Sometime midway in the twentieth century, the mass media became the chief purveyors of the idea that slimness is the ideal image of feminine beauty. This constant emphasis has caused many women to incessantly diet in order to keep up with the demands of modern fashion. In a 1984 survey carried out by Glamor magazine, of thirty-three thousand women between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five, 75 percent believed they were fat, although only 25 percent were actually overweight cultural model became pervasive throughout the media, said New World Encyclopedia contributors (2016). When Hilde Bru ch published a book called Eating Disorder: Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa, And the Person Within, public awareness increased along with the number of eating disorder cases in the 1970s (Deans, 2011). Anorexia nervosa is the deadliest of all the psychiatric disorders. It has a 5-10 percent death rate within 10 years of developing the symptoms, and an 18-20 percent death rate within 20 years of developing the symptoms. Anorexia is already an endemic in the fashion industry, to the point where models are now being airbrushed to add curves (Deans, 2011). Anorexia nervosa has a long history, but what causes anorexia nervosa? Etiology/Causation Anorexia nervosa is a complicated disease. The exact cause is unknown. It is thought that it is like any other disease and is a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental. For the biological standpoint, the genes involved are still unknown, however, there are some genetic changes that certain people at higher risk for developing anorexia. These people are people who have a genetic tendency toward perfectionism, sensitivity, and perseverance, which are all traits associated with anorexia. From the psychological standpoint, some p eople with anorexia may have obsessive-compulsive personality traits that make it easier to stick to strict diets and forgo food despite being hungry. They may have a drive for perfectionism that makes them think that they are never thin enough. On the environmental standpoint, modern western culture emphasized thinness. People who are thin are successful and worthful. Peer pressure may fuel young girls to be thin (Anorexia nervosa, 2018). There are risk factors that are known for anorexia nervosa. Genetics, dieting and starvation, and transitions are risk factors for anorexia nervosa. People who have a close relative parent, sibling or child who had anorexia have a much higher risk for it. Dieting is a risk factor for developing an eating disorder. There is strong evidence that many of the symptoms of anorexia are symptoms of starvation. Starvation affects the brain and influences mood changes, rigidity in thinking, anxiety and reduction in appetite. Extreme weight loss may change the way the brain works in vulnerable individuals, which may perpetuate restrictive eating behaviors and make it difficult to return to normal eating habits. When there is a major transition in someones life, it is also a risk factor for anorexia nervosa. It can be a new school, home or job, a relationship breakup; or the death or illness of a loved one, change can bring emotional stress and increase the risk of anorexia (Anorexia nervosa, 2018). Onset / Prevalence Eating disorders are becoming more and more common as time progresses. About 1.6 million people have a diagnosed eating disorder. Younger people are most at risk. The average age of onset of anorexia nervosa is 16-17 yet the number of cases of children affected and cases of early onset cont inues to rise (About Eating Disorders). An estimated 0.5 to 3.7 percent of women suffer from anorexia nervosa at some point in their lifetime. The ratio of girls to boys in children, ages 5-12 years, with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa is 5:1. The ratio in adolescent/adult women to adolescent/adult men is 10:1 (Farrar, 2014). The Department of Health estimates about 4 million people currently struggle with an eating disorder. Anorexia is the leading cause of mental health related deaths. Of those surviving, less than 50% recover, whereas 30% improve and 20% remain chronically ill (About Eating Disorders). There was a sample done to see the time trends in age at onset of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. They used 1,666 anorexia nervosa subjects and 793 bulimia nervosa subjects between 1985 and 2008. The results were that the age at onset of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is decreasing in younger generations. The implications of their findings in terms of long-term outcome remain to be understood (Favaro et al., 2009). Symptoms Anorexia nervosa is not hard to detect in certain people, but others, it can be near impossible. Anorexia has physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms. The physical signs and symptoms of anorexia may include: extreme weight loss, thin appearance, abnormal blood counts, fatigue, insomnia, dizziness, bluish discoloration of the fingers, hair thins and falls out, absence of menstruation, constipation, abdominal pain, dry or yellowish skin, intolerance of cold, irregular heart rhythms, low blood pressure, dehydration, swelling of arms or legs, eroded teeth, and calluses on the knuckles from induced vomiting (Anorexia nervosa, 2018). Emotional and behavioral signs and symptoms may include: preoccupation with food, frequently skipping meals or refusing to eat, denial of hunger or making excuses for not eating, eating only a few certain safe foods, adopting rigid meal or eating rituals, not wanting to eat in public, lying about how much food has been eaten, fear of gaining weight, frequent checking in the mirror for perceived flaws, complaining about being fat or having parts of the body that are fat, covering up in layers of clothing, flat mood, social withdrawal, irritability, insomnia, and reduced interest in sex (Anorexia nervosa, 2018). Some behavioral symptoms of anorexia may include attempts to lose weight by: severely restricting food intake through dieting and fasting, exercising excessively, and bingeing and self-induced vomiting to get rid of food, which may include the use of laxatives, enemas, diet aids or herbal products (Anorexia nervosa, 2018). Treatment Depending on how old the person with anorexia nervosa is, depends on the treatment. For children, it depends on their age, overall health, medical history, extend of the childs symptoms, the childs tolerance for specific medications or therapies, and expectations for the course o f the condition (Anorexia Nervosa in Children). For adolescents, family based treatment is the best evidenced-based approach for anorexia nervosa. This treatment facilitate parental management of the restrictive dieting and over exercise in their child until the child is recovered enough to manage more age appropriate eating. Individual therapy is also an effective treatment appears to take longer for patients to restore weight. Other forms of family therapy also appear to be useful Treatment should always be based on a comprehensive evaluation of the adolescent and family. There are no medications known to be helpful for anorexia nervosa, but medication (usually antidepressants) may be helpful if the adolescent with anorexia is also depressed or anxious. The frequent occurrence of medical complications requires your childs doctor to be an active member of the management team. Parents play a vital supportive role in any treatment process. Hospitalization may be required for medical complications related to weight loss and ma lnutrition (Anorexia Nervosa in Children). Conclusion All in all, anorexia nervosa is a mental condition that not many people fully understand. Most people think that it can be turned on and off like a switch. However, they would not think such thoughts if they would educate themselves.

The Effects Of Stress On Our Lives - 1306 Words

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Everyone needs to be able to spot the early signs of stress so they can more easily detect when they have reached the point where they need to step back and r eevaluate what is going on in their lives in order to effectively reduce the effects of stress. A major cause of stress is work. In an article by Jacky Steemson, entitled Managing Stress (2013), we find the 2013 results of Europe s Occupational Safety and Health Association s poll on work related stress. The poll included 31 countries and 16,622 workers across Europe. Out of those 16,622 workers, fifty-one percent, or approximately 8,477, said stress was common in their workplace. AnShow MoreRelatedStress And Its Effect On Our Lives Essay1204 Words   |  5 Pagesattempting to take over your life? It s stress. We ve all experienced stress at one time or another in our lives. It seems to be an unavoidable part of living. To a certain degree, stress is actually a positive thing. 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Report On The Design Options Of Landwall Mining Method - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Report On Design Options Of Landwall Mining Method. Answer: Risks In Landwall Minng Accidental collapse of the walls in underground mining The mining options presented have got a myriad of challenges such as risk factors that must be analyzed during establishment of standard operating procedures. Admittedly, risks associated with each mining option have unique characteristics such as accidental collapse of the roof in areas where reinforcements are not done properly. The cross deep shaft method is often associated with this kind of risk as the shafts are sunk relatively deeper. Due to the overbearing weight of the earth movers and the vibration of the machines, areas prone to earth quakes may be triggered off. The geologists must therefore competently analyze the data from the area using modern sophisticated tools and software. The identified hotspots must therefore be avoided at all costs. Workplace safety concerns Improper and insufficient training of all workers can also be a potential source of problems. The inexperienced crane operators and drivers may cause damage to people and properties as they try to navigate the terrain during mining. The entire system of mining must therefore take into consideration the complex routing of the machinery and equipment to minimize on backtracking and unnecessary collisions (Singh Unver, no year). Some mines have weaker rocks which could cave in during operation. It is therefore often required that once an area is depleted, the remnants must be cleared off. The belt transect method will come in handy in this case. The wall destabilizers are therefore useful for this purpose. Notably, the proposed designs aim at maximizing the extraction potential while at the same being cognizant of the fact that safety and costs are equally critical aspects in the operation. The above mining design options have got both merits and limitations. The belt transect method is the fastest and perhaps the cheapest to establish and run. The area identified is worked on in a rectangular manner before collapsing the weaker walls to give way to new region as movement is both traverse and longitudinal. Methane gas emissions In the course of mining Acid mine drainage Respiratory problems Social destruction by the explosives Specifically, proper planning beforehand on the above-mentioned aspects is very critical. The best strategy is selected after a thorough evaluation of the available options. Different models have been used. In our case, a simple yet effective model is used to ascertain whether the minimum criteria are met. Therefore, in conclusion, we propose the belt transect method which takes into proper account of risk, efficiency and reliability. Complex Design Option Major techniques in the coal mining are open cast and underground. The former allows for less access to the reserves while the latter is a sure strategy for maximum extraction. Locating the coal is essential in boosting the efficiency in extraction and coal production. Essentially, the deep underground method incurs a higher cost in set up and extraction. Besides, there are greater prices in terms of risks to pay; notably, however, we are assured of more coal production. One important factor in implementation of any extraction strategy is to ensure harmonious relationship between people and machines for successful extraction. However, in the practical sense, nothing like 100% extraction can be attained with any design. In fact, a lot will happen in the course of extraction including but not limited to mine collapse, dangerous gas emissions, forceful gush in underground water among others. How all these are controlled will partly guarantee success of the proposed design. Design must be in tandem with the technological realities of the longwall mining. Top on the list is ventilation. The methane gas being produced is harmful to human beings as it can be the source of respiratory challenges. In this regard, therefore, the design must endeavor to integrate the ventilating openings to minimize on methane accumulation within the pit. Additionally, the structural mechanics of the support systems must be considered in the design. Roofs have collapsed, in the course of mining due to the overbearing weight of the machineries and equipment. Panel and pillar design layout is a special area where different models have been applied to establish stable structures that are statically redundant. Notably, pillar strength must be such that the overall structural integrity is beyond reproach. Be that as it may, the right caliber of professionals experienced in the science and engineering of coal extraction must be involved in the design. They contribute towards the establishment of a versatile and competent system to operate the mine. Geologist will often lead the park where technical wherewithal will be sought. At the center of these operations is the mining specialist whose main responsibility is to oversee the implementation of the extraction strategy. She therefore leads the technical team in executing the plans. Lastly, t his team must work in unison to ultimately contribute to greater productivity. System Flexibility The model selected must allow for changes in critical parameters such as pit height, seam thickness among others. This will guarantee system dynamism which is essential to cushion against external factors. For instance, in the production planning and control department, after undertaking demand forecasting, may come to a conclusion that the pillar height needed adjustments to allow room for more coal extraction to take effect. While the safety department, expectedly, may have reservations; they may reluctantly agree to this change while citing issues of safety that rise with the decision. Therefore, all issues are often ironed out otherwise the superfluous ending is inevitable. Explorative tools The increased application of the sensor technology is a step in the right direction as mining extraction efficiency is concerned. Further to this, is the GIS technology which allows for real-time location of the mineral ores. Connectedly, less exploration efforts are required hence production cost are minimized as time and effort to explore the mine are substantially reduced Ramesh et al, 2016). The design must also integrate various functional units involved in the extraction process. As pointed out earlier, interdepartmental coordination and consensus are sure ways of bringing every professional on board such that each functional wing carries out its designated task to completion. For instance, to ensure the proposed design see the light of the day, one must liaise with the finance department to look into ways of optimizing the design vis--vis financial prudence. Reference Ramesh K,B., Chandrasekhar, S Reddy, B.V . (2016). Construction and operation of high capacity longwall project: Adriyala experience. The Singareni Collieries Company Ltd Kothagudem. Singh, R.N., Pathan , A.G. Unver, B. (no year). design of rib pillars in longwall mining based on theoretical and practical approaches. Available from: https://www.maden.org.tr/resimler/ekler/17c0907e67d868b_ek.pdf